Motor rehabilitation is one of the key tasks for the recovery of personal independence of patients suffering a stroke. Neuromuscular electrostimulation synchronized with the performance of a motor task, known as functional electrical stimulation (FES), is a proven and widely used method. Specialists have established the principles of safe neuromuscular stimulation, as well as the methods aimed at increasing strength in affected muscles, over more than a 40-year history of FES studies. This review presents information about the novel FES technologies, clinical and basic studies, and discusses prospects for future research areas.

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